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The fruit of, a species native to, is the source of two valuable spices, the red aril () enclosing the dark brown. Botany, also called plant science( s), plant biology or phytology, is the of life and a branch of.

A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a who specialises in this field. The term 'botany' comes from the word βοτάνη ( botanē) meaning ', ', or '; βοτάνη is in turn derived from βόσκειν ( boskein), 'to feed' or 'to '. Traditionally, botany has also included the study of and by and respectively, with the study of these three groups of organisms remaining within the sphere of interest of the. Nowadays, botanists (in the strict sense) study approximately 410,000 of of which some 391,000 species are (including ca 369,000 species of ), and ca 20,000 are. Botany originated in prehistory as with the efforts of early humans to identify – and later cultivate – edible, medicinal and poisonous plants, making it one of the oldest branches of science.

Medieval, often attached to, contained plants of medical importance. They were forerunners of the first attached to, founded from the 1540s onwards. One of the earliest was the. These gardens facilitated the academic study of plants. Efforts to catalogue and describe their collections were the beginnings of, and led in 1753 to the of that remains in use to this day. In the 19th and 20th centuries, new techniques were developed for the study of plants, including methods of and,, analysis of, and the structure and function of and other.

In the last two decades of the 20th century, botanists exploited the techniques of, including and and to classify plants more accurately. Modern botany is a broad, multidisciplinary subject with inputs from most other areas of science and technology. Research topics include the study of plant, and differentiation,, and,,,,,, and. Dominant themes in 21st century plant science are and, which are the mechanisms and control of gene expression during differentiation of and. Botanical research has diverse applications in providing, materials such as,, rubber, and drugs, in modern, and,, and, in the synthesis of chemicals and raw materials for construction and energy production, in, and the maintenance of.

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An engraving of the cells of, from 's, 1665 Botany originated as, the study and use of plants for their medicinal properties. Many records of the period date early botanical knowledge as far back as 10,000 years ago. This early unrecorded knowledge of plants was discovered in ancient sites of human occupation within, which make up much of the land today. The early recorded history of botany includes many ancient writings and plant classifications. Examples of early botanical works have been found in ancient texts from India dating back to before 1100 BC, in archaic writings, and in works from China before it was unified in 221 BC. Modern botany traces its roots back to specifically to (c.

371–287 BC), a student of who invented and described many of its principles and is widely regarded in the as the 'Father of Botany'. His major works, and On the Causes of Plants, constitute the most important contributions to botanical science until the, almost seventeen centuries later.

Another work from Ancient Greece that made an early impact on botany is De Materia Medica, a five-volume encyclopedia about written in the middle of the first century by Greek physician and pharmacologist. De Materia Medica was widely read for more than 1,500 years.

ANIMAL BEHAVIOR CAMPBELL & REECE CHAPTER 51. 8 Migration animals adjust to changes in Sun's or stars position by means of. Are those unlikely to be of selective advantage in a native environment. Sings tentative notes called a subsong juvenile bird compares his subsong to. AP Biology Semester Two.